Brian Buma, Director of the Climate Innovation program at the Environmental Defense Fund, discussed the emerging challenge of increasing ecosystem emissions. Historically, natural systems played a background role in anthropogenic climate change, responding to warming but not driving it. Today, however, more frequent forest wildfires, thawing permafrost, and rising wetland methane emissions have become significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions. These powerful and accelerating positive feedbacks are shortening the timeline to temperature thresholds such as the Paris Agreement by years. Brian discussed the latest science on these risks and potential pathways to manage them, some of which may be quite cost-effective.